isotope techniques made it possible to obtain visual images, as well as accurate quantitative data on regional distribution of ventilation and perfusion. These methods are generally non-invasive. New machines with built-in computer facilities are available.
• perfusion images - It has been employed to study the state of pulmonary vasculature.Glavni clinically used in the investigation of pulmonary embolism, atresia or hypoplasia of the pulmonary arteries, the presence of right to left intracardiac shunts and pulmonary venous hypertension.
• Ventilation pictures -. This can be done using Xenon-133
• Ventilation pictures -. This can be done using Xenon-133
...• aerosol inhalation studies - aerosolized radioactive particles can be used for inhalation. Usually technetium-99m-labeled phytate, lactose, albumin or sulfur colloid is koristi.Radioaktivne particles are distributed in the lungs depending on the openness and respiratory putova.Koncentracija radioactivity was reduced in areas of poor ventilation. Another use of label aerosol particles to study the effectiveness of mucociliary function. When the mucociliary function is impaired, the cleaning of radioactivity from the lungs delayed. The use of ventilation and perfusion imaging studies, valuable information can be obtained. In pulmonary embolism ventilation is normal, but reduced perfusion, while both ventilation and perfusion decreased in parenchymal, pleural, or obstructive airway disease.
...• isotope localization of lung tumors isotopes such as Gallium-67 citrate and cobalt-57-labeled bleomycin, which are concentrated by the tumor used for the study of neoplastic lesions.
...with the atmospheric testing of materials
in the diagnosis of pleural disease, pleural fluid examination is essential. Thus, the examination of bronchial aspirates and material from other sites provides valuable diagnostic clues. Macroscopic appearance, microscopy, cytology, microbiological testing, and biochemical studies are useful in diagnosis.
biopsy studies
lymph node biopsy . Biopsy appropriate scalene lymph nodes or palpable axillary lymph nodes or cervical helps in establishing the diagnosis of neoplastic and granulomatous lesions
lymph node biopsy . Biopsy appropriate scalene lymph nodes or palpable axillary lymph nodes or cervical helps in establishing the diagnosis of neoplastic and granulomatous lesions
...lung biopsy : lung tissue can be obtained percutanous biopsy or open biopsy under vision. Percutaneous biopsy with the Vim-Silverman needle or trephine performed to disgnosie diffuse lesions and localized peripherally located lesions. When the lesions are small and are not available superficially, thoracotomy and open biopsy is an advantage.
...computed tomography
Intrathoracic disease can be drawn as computed tomography (CT). It can distinguish between cysts, tumors and vascular abnormalities.
Broncho-alveolar lavage
This is the procedure adopted for obtaining material from the terminal protions respiratory tree and alveole.Speciment was subjected to microscopic examination and cytological tests. The distribution of cells, particularly immunocytes provides valuable clues to the diagnosis of diseases of the lower respiratory tract, such as firbosing alveolitis, sarcodosis etc.
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