Radioisotopic Investigation in Respiratory Disorders

isotope techniques made ​​it possible to obtain visual images, as well as accurate quantitative data on regional distribution of ventilation and perfusion. These methods are generally non-invasive. New machines with built-in computer facilities are available.

• perfusion images - It has been employed to study the state of pulmonary vasculature.Glavni clinically used in the investigation of pulmonary embolism, atresia or hypoplasia of the pulmonary arteries, the presence of right to left intracardiac shunts and pulmonary venous hypertension.

• Ventilation pictures -. This can be done using Xenon-133

• aerosol inhalation studies - aerosolized radioactive particles can be used for inhalation. Usually technetium-99m-labeled phytate, lactose, albumin or sulfur colloid is koristi.Radioaktivne particles are distributed in the lungs depending on the openness and respiratory putova.Koncentracija radioactivity was reduced in areas of poor ventilation. Another use of label aerosol particles to study the effectiveness of mucociliary function. When the mucociliary function is impaired, the cleaning of radioactivity from the lungs delayed. The use of ventilation and perfusion imaging studies, valuable information can be obtained. In pulmonary embolism ventilation is normal, but reduced perfusion, while both ventilation and perfusion decreased in parenchymal, pleural, or obstructive airway disease.

• isotope localization of lung tumors isotopes such as Gallium-67 citrate and cobalt-57-labeled bleomycin, which are concentrated by the tumor used for the study of neoplastic lesions.

• Endoscopic studies a number of endoscopic procedures are available for the study of respiratory diseases. This includes laryngoscopy. Bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy and thoracoscopy. Laryngoscopy visualize the upper airways to the larynx and trachea. The availability of flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopes with facilities for aspiration and biopsy procedures has increased its importance in diagnosis and therapy in recent years. Flexible bronchoscopes can lead to second or third divisions of the bronchi, while the rigid bronchoscopes only reach the first division. Bronchoscopy is used to visualize the trachea, bronchi and their branches, aspirate secretions of an investigation, obtain biopsy material, and remove obstacles. Clinical indications for bronchoscopy include bronchial obstruction, lung neoplasms, unresolved pneumonia, lung abscess, and recurrent hemoptysis. Broncho-alveolar lavage can be done during bronchoscopy, and samples can be tested further. Mediastinoscopes is used to review performance and superior mediastinal biopsy procedures under direct vision. thoracoscopy is a review of thoracic contents thoracoscope with a partial pneumothorax after production.

with the atmospheric testing of materials

in the diagnosis of pleural disease, pleural fluid examination is essential. Thus, the examination of bronchial aspirates and material from other sites provides valuable diagnostic clues. Macroscopic appearance, microscopy, cytology, microbiological testing, and biochemical studies are useful in diagnosis.

biopsy studies

lymph node biopsy . Biopsy appropriate scalene lymph nodes or palpable axillary lymph nodes or cervical helps in establishing the diagnosis of neoplastic and granulomatous lesions

lung biopsy : lung tissue can be obtained percutanous biopsy or open biopsy under vision. Percutaneous biopsy with the Vim-Silverman needle or trephine performed to disgnosie diffuse lesions and localized peripherally located lesions. When the lesions are small and are not available superficially, thoracotomy and open biopsy is an advantage.

Pleural biopsy : This is resorted to when the pleural lesions should be diagnosed. Cope's needle or the Abrams pleural biopsy punch is used to obtain material from the parietal pleura. Vim-Silverman needle can be used in the absence of specialized needles.

computed tomography

Intrathoracic disease can be drawn as computed tomography (CT). It can distinguish between cysts, tumors and vascular abnormalities.

Broncho-alveolar lavage

This is the procedure adopted for obtaining material from the terminal protions respiratory tree and alveole.Speciment was subjected to microscopic examination and cytological tests. The distribution of cells, particularly immunocytes provides valuable clues to the diagnosis of diseases of the lower respiratory tract, such as firbosing alveolitis, sarcodosis etc.